The Libya Journal of geographical studies is a refereed and classified scientific journal, established based on the decision of Mr./ Chairman of the Central Region branch of the Libyan Geographical Society No. 1 for the year 2021. The magazine is published semi-annually with two issues per year (in January and July of each year), and carries the legal Deposit number (557/2021) at the National Book House in Benghazi, and is accredited by the Department of publications and works of art at the Ministry of culture and Knowledge Development in Tripoli by Decision No. 17 of 2022 issued by the director of the General Directorate of publications and works of art affiliated, in addition to obtaining the international standard serial number is line ISSN: 2789-4843 and print ISSN: 3080-0463, and the Journal has an Arab impact factor of (1.35) in 2025, and was also classified in the third category Q3 in the impact factor and reference citations of Arab journals (arsif) in 2025. The journal was also classified in the fourth category (Q4) in the Libyan electronic journal directory in 2024, and is an official member of the Crossref organization, where its research includes digital object identifiers DOI. The journal is also indexed within Google Scholar , and Researchgate Academia.edu, and databases of knowledge of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan. The Libya Journal of geographical studies is concerned with providing researchers in Libya and all countries of the world with the opportunity to publish their original and objective research in various branches of geography and Sciences related to geography (such as: population, climate, geology, agriculture and Economics) in both Arabic and English, according to the standards of sober scientific research, with strict adherence to intellectual property laws and academic publication ethics. The research published in it is allowed to be downloaded free of charge from its website.
The nature of the rentier economy and its implications for the economic structure in Libya: A study in economic geography
1 This study aimed to analyze the effects of economic rent, specifically in the oil sector, on the productive sectors of the Libyan economy. It examined the impact of an inflated labor force in the services sector, alongside the decline in the contribution of productive sectors—particularly agriculture and industry to the gross domestic product (GDP).To achieve the research objectives, the study relied on reviewing academic sources and previous studies that addressed the subject from multiple perspectives, in addition to analyzing official statistics and reports issued by relevant authorities. The research methodology incorporated historical, descriptive analytical, and comparative approaches to collect, interpret, and compare pertinent data and information. The study concluded that a rentier economy leads to economic instability, as it is directly influenced by fluctuations in global oil prices and the political crises faced by oil exporting countries. Oil revenues have had a clear impact on Libya's labor structure, with a significant contraction in the productive sector and notable growth in the services sector. During the 1970s, the growth rate of the workforce in productive sectors recorded a negative rate of 14%, whereas the services sector experienced a 35% increase in the same period. Furthermore, the findings indicated that oil rent has accounted for more than 50% of the GDP in most years since its discovery, adversely affecting non-oil sectors. In 2008, these sectors recorded their lowest contribution to the national GDP, amounting to only 21.8% of the country’s total output If you need any refinements or further improvements, I'm happy to assist!
Spatial Suitability for Establishing a Wastewater Treatment Plant in the Al-Khoms Area
The establishment of wastewater treatment plants is one of the most important and effective means for the safe and beneficial disposal of wastewater, ensuring public safety and avoiding unacceptable environmental risks. In most cities in Libya, including the study area, it is observed that wastewater discharged from households and institutions—regardless of its source—is disposed of directly into the sea without treatment, thus posing a serious threat to the environment and public health. This research aims to identify the optimal location for establishing a wastewater treatment plant in the Al-Khoms area using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing—key tools in this field that are widely relied upon for planning and decision-making. The study adopted an applied and analytical methodology based on the visual representation of scientific data, including several paper maps and satellite imagery. After extracting and classifying the relevant layers, the Weighted Overlay Model was applied. This process resulted in the production of a digital map through which the optimal site for constructing a wastewater treatment plant in the region was identified. The outcome supports well-informed decisions regarding suitable geographic locations for various environmental projects in the area.
Spatial variation of agricultural land uses in Tuz Khurmato district An applied study on selected provinces
The study shows the analysis of spatial differences in agricultural land uses, and this is confirmed by the results of spatial statistical analysis between the selected agricultural districts, which were classified based on the creation of statistical spatial maps with real results using spatial statistical Analysis applications (Spatial statistical Analysis) and the cluster analysis method using Moran's Moran's (I) Method in modeling the spatial distribution of agricultural land uses in tuzkhurmatu district. Spatial statistical processing and analysis in geographic information systems (GIS) is an effective tool to identify spatial differences, relationships and correlations between different geographical phenomena, which makes it possible to accurately assess the use of agricultural land, determine the suitability of the land for agriculture and the potential for its development, as the research found that the distribution of wheat growing areas in the region shows a semi-random pattern, where the Moran index reached 0.193, Z-Score Value 1.32, and P-Value 0.186, which indicates the absence of a clear spatial grouping of the distribution of land planted with wheat, meaning this is the absence of a specific geographical organization at the significance levels of 0.05 and 0.10.
Ismail Fadel Khamis Mustafa al Bayati Ismail Fadel Khamis Mustafa al Bayati
Geographical Analysis of Protected Agriculture in the Abu Zahia Area, Sirte Municipality: A Study in Agricultural Geography
This study aims to conduct a geographical analysis of the natural and human geographic factors and their impact on protected agriculture. It also focuses on identifying the most important crop types, the cultivated area, and production quantity, with the goal of optimizing the investment in this type of agriculture to ensure food security and support the local economy in the Abu Zahia area, which covers an area of 9,730 hectares and has an estimated population of 8,598. The study adopts the regional approach to clarify the spatial distribution of greenhouses and plastic tunnels and their production quantities. It also applies the descriptive approach, along with two main frameworks: the functional approach, which focuses on the functional structure of the economic activity by studying the agricultural production unit, its tools, labor level, marketing outlets, and daily work movement; and the deterministic approach, commonly used in agricultural geography research to study geographic factors influencing protected agriculture. Furthermore, the study employs the crop-based approach to analyze the types of crops grown in protected agriculture, and the analytical method that relies on numerical data for accurate analysis and comparison. It uses statistical methods to provide a descriptive and analytical picture of the data by extracting ratios and applying certain statistical standards. The study also utilizes Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to produce maps using ArcMap 10.1.
The Role of Cannabis Cultivation in Socio-Spatial Dynamics and the Degradation of Natural Resources in the South-Central Rif: Ikhlalfa Commune as a Case Study
Cannabis cultivation is one of the most prominent agricultural activities in the Central Rif region, with its origins dating back to the 11th century. It emerged in the territory of the Taounate Province during the 1990s. The rural commune of Ikhlalfa is considered one of the first areas in the province to adopt this cultivation, due to its geographical proximity to the historical cannabis-producing regions. Several factors contributed to the emergence and expansion of this activity, including socio-economic vulnerability, limited official intervention, the weak performance of the agricultural economy and its inability to meet basic needs, as well as the high profitability and returns of cannabis—particularly after the introduction of hybrid strains (such as Khardala and Tritika). These factors transformed the agricultural landscape and triggered significant socio-economic dynamics, while having a major impact on the environmental landscape.The study reached several findings, notably the expansion of cannabis cultivation at the expense of cereals and legumes, a decline in livestock farming, and severe degradation of local natural resources. Socially, traditional rural customs associated with collective and cooperative work have disintegrated, and conflicts over land and water have intensified.
The role of small projects in achieving economic development in the Municipality of Misrata
This study aims to identify the small projects in the municipality of Misrata and their role in achieving economic development through their impact on the local economy of the area by providing job opportunities and improving individual income levels. It also seeks to highlight the main geographical factors affecting the success of these projects and the key challenges they face. This was done through a questionnaire consisting of six sections distributed to a purposive (non-probabilistic) sample of 150 projects in the area. The results showed a moderate impact of small projects on the local economy, influenced by several factors and challenges related to the geographical location of the projects, infrastructure, financing, and the local market. Various statistical methods were used to test the study’s hypotheses, such as the arithmetic mean, standard deviation, and correlation coefficient.
Spatial Analysis of the Paved Road Network in the City of Bani Walid : A Study in Transport Geography Using (GIS)
The road network is one of the fundamental components of urban infrastructure, playing a crucial role in facilitating transportation, promoting economic and social development, and supporting urban growth. This study aims to evaluate the efficiency of the paved road network in the city of Bani Walid using Geographic Information Systems (GIS). It relies on spatial data analysis of the road network and population density, examining the spatial distribution of roads and the extent to which it meets residents’ needs.This study holds particular importance for Bani Walid, where several neighborhoods suffer from a lack of adequate road infrastructure, affecting access to essential services such as schools and hospitals. The research seeks to analyze the relationship between population density and road network distribution, with a focus on the influence of geographical factors on the network.The methodology included the collection and analysis of field data using GIS tools. A regional approach was adopted to highlight the geographic features of the city and the distribution of roads across its urban districts, while an analytical approach was used to examine data patterns and relationships within the road network. The study concludes with a set of recommendations aimed at improving and developing the road network to better meet the city’s future needs.
Spatial Analysis of the Distribution of Primary Education Services in Al-Qasim City for the School Year 2023-2024
Education is one of the fundamental services in human life, as it is a key indicator of human development. Progress and advancement in any field of life largely depend on the level of education. Consequently, the learner is more productive and creative than others, which highlights the necessity of focusing on education. This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution of primary education services in Al-Qasim City (one of the cities in Babil Governorate) for the school year 2023-2024. The research found that the city has 26 primary schools distributed across 7 residential neighborhoods out of a total of 20 neighborhoods, meaning that only 35% of neighborhoods are served, while 65% (equivalent to 13 neighborhoods) are underserved due to insufficient planning to accommodate population growth. This indicates a shortage in the number of existing schools, reflected by a student-to-school ratio of 576 students per school, which greatly exceeds the accepted standard of 360 students per school. According to this standard, an additional 16 schools are required beyond the current number. The student-to-teacher ratio is 25 students per teacher, and the student-to-class ratio is 40 students per class. Overall, these figures surpass the approved standards, indicating a significant deficit in the number of schools, along with an uneven distribution among neighborhoods. For instance, some neighborhoods are densely served, such as 7 schools in Al-Qadimah neighborhood and 8 schools in Al-Hussein neighborhood, while many neighborhoods lack schools altogether. Functional efficiency of educational services in Al-Qasim City can be achieved through two main measures: constructing new schools and redistributing schools more equitably to avoid concentration in certain areas. Additionally, the city suffers from a shortage of school buildings, resulting in double and triple shifts, which negatively impact the functional efficiency of education services.
The Emergence, Development, and Morphology of Gedaref City
This paper examines the city of Gedaref in terms of its origin, stages of growth and development, and the events that influenced this progression. It also analyzes the general appearance of the city by studying the elements that shaped its current form, including a morphological analysis of the city plan, building patterns, and land use. The study aims to identify the reasons behind the city's establishment in its current location, trace its stages of expansion, and analyze its urban morphology. To achieve these objectives, the study utilized field tools to collect data through observation, interviews, questionnaires, maps, and satellite imagery. Statistical methods and computer software were used for data analysis. The historical approach was adopted to track the city's growth stages, along with descriptive analysis of field data and official sources.The study concluded that the city was established at its current location for military purposes during the Turkish era. It also revealed that mechanized agriculture in the region played a major role in the city's growth and development. The study recommended addressing the planning imbalances of previous schemes and adopting more flexible planning approaches that ensure equitable service distribution. Additionally, it emphasized the need to continue decongesting the city center and developing a ring road network to facilitate access to various land uses.
The Evolution of the Urban Phenomenon in Mauritania: Context and Results
The phenomenon of urbanization has witnessed significant development across all countries of the world, as cities have become attractive areas for populations due to the wide range of services and facilities they offer (education, healthcare, culture, roads, diverse infrastructure, etc.), in addition to employment opportunities resulting from the diversity of economic activities (industry, commerce and services, tourism, transport, etc.). Mauritania, too, has experienced considerable urban development due to both geographical and historical factors. The number of cities has increased fivefold between 1962 and 2000. This study aims to highlight the context and outcomes of the development of the urbanization phenomenon in Mauritania, tracing the evolution of urbanization before, during, and after the colonial period, while also examining the factors and consequences of urban growth in the country.
Urban Deterioration in the Historic Oujda (Morocco) Influencing Factors and Challenges
This study examines the challenges facing the urban fabric of the old city of Oujda, focusing on the various factors contributing to the deterioration of its historical buildings. It highlights how natural factors such as geology and climate interact with human factors like urban expansion and population growth, thereby complicating the city's urban landscape. The study also sheds light on deficiencies in infrastructure and maintenance, changes in land use, and the impact of modern construction on the historical character of the city. In light of these challenges, the study proposes a set of recommendations aimed at mitigating the deterioration of the urban fabric and promoting its sustainability.
القرى والمنتجعات السياحية في منطقة القره بوللي بين العشوائية والتخطيط ودورها في ترسيخ الهوية الليبية
This study examines the reality of villages and tourist resorts in the Qarabulli area, one of Libya’s most prominent coastal regions due to its natural and geographical features. The research highlights the increasing expansion of tourism projects in the area, much of which has occurred in an unplanned and random manner due to the absence of proper urban planning, weak oversight, and overlapping responsibilities among relevant authorities. The study also addresses the impact of this unregulated expansion on the coastal environment and urban landscape, in addition to the limited integration of Libyan cultural and architectural elements. Many resorts were found to adopt foreign architectural styles that fail to reflect Libyan identity, thus limiting their role in reinforcing national identity or promoting cultural tourism. The study concludes with a call for integrated planning policies based on sustainability principles, aiming to strengthen Libyan identity in tourism design. It also recommends encouraging well-regulated investment and empowering local communities to participate in shaping the future tourism vision for the region.
Natural Assets and Their Role in Rural Tourism (Northeastern Morocco)
Water resources are considered a natural heritage par excellence, as they contribute to the development of rural tourism offerings, particularly when water bodies are utilized for recreational and tourism-related activities or simply for the enjoyment of springs and flowing water landscapes. In this context, water transforms from a natural resource within the landscape into a natural attraction that draws visitors and supports rural development. Additionally, water serves as a fundamental element in supporting tourism offerings by supplying fresh water to tourist facilities, irrigating agricultural lands that ensure the availability of local products, and creating an environment attractive to visitors. The southern slopes and margins of the Beni Znassen Mountains in northeastern Morocco are characterized by a diversity of water resources. Springs offer appealing scenes for visitors through their emergence and flow, and they also provide mineral water and support traditional irrigation heritage. Dams (with a total storage of 335 million cubic meters) and an average annual rainfall of 500 mm at Tafoughalt Station contribute to creating an ecologically rich environment with recreational value for visitors. The findings of this research paper reveal the forms of tourism offerings in relation to water resources and the resulting commercial and service activities, which have had a positive impact on rural development in the southern slopes and margins of the Beni Znassen Mountains.
Environmental Awareness and Its Role in Risk Mitigation in Northwestern Libya
Northwestern Libya, located within the subtropical zone, faces numerous environmental and human-induced hazards, including low rainfall, recurring droughts, sandstorms, and advancing desertification. These are compounded by human risks such as wars, traffic accidents, fires, and other disasters. This study aimed to assess public awareness of these pressing and potential hazards in the Tripoli region. A descriptive-analytical approach was adopted, using a structured survey administered to a sample of 143 individuals aged 20–70, with educational levels ranging from secondary school to doctoral degrees. The statistical analysis confirmed that desertification is perceived as an ongoing crisis, regardless of educational background. A significant relationship was found between education level and awareness of groundwater depletion risks. No statistically significant differences were noted between age groups regarding awareness of seawater intrusion or aquifer depletion. Interestingly, women showed greater awareness of agricultural drought than men and were more concerned about traffic accidents, inflation, and civil war (p ≤ 0.05). However, the gender difference in awareness of unemployment issues was not statistically significant. Younger respondents (under 40) demonstrated significantly higher concern about limited job opportunities (p ≤ 0.01(.
Sedimentary Islands as an Indicator of Surface Water Flows in the Lower Adwan Wadi Basin, South of Al Jabal Al Akhdar
This study investigates the sedimentary islands formed in the lower part of the Wadi Adwan basin, located south of the Green Mountain region, with the aim of understanding water flow variations during surface runoff events. The research relied on field observations and morphometric analysis to determine the characteristics of these islands. Fieldwork included measuring the dimensions of the islands, while the descriptive method was used to record their general features, such as their longitudinal or transverse shapes and degree of regularity. The comparative method served as a principal tool for analyzing differences in shape and size among the sedimentary islands. In addition, a quantitative analytical approach was employed to systematically examine the islands, and morphometric techniques were applied using indices such as elongation ratio, form factor, and length-to-width ratio. The findings reveal that sedimentary islands are distributed along the course of the wadi, particularly in flatter sections, and exhibit considerable variation in size, shape, and sediment composition. This reflects the changing intensity and velocity of water flows over time. Their formation is directly linked to periods of reduced flow velocity and sediment accumulation, especially during floods or following repeated dry spells. Water crossing structures also play a significant role in reshaping the islands. Islands north of the culvert were impacted by stronger currents, resulting in elongated shapes and more regular sediment deposition. In contrast, islands south of the culvert formed under weaker currents and are more oval and irregular due to slower sedimentation rates. Long and wide islands, such as Island 6 (19 m in length and 5.5 m in width), may indicate areas of slower flow where greater sediment accumulation occurs. These islands serve as important geomorphological records of hydrological system changes, enabling the tracking of climatic shifts, human activities, and their influence on sediment redistribution within the wadi basin.
Assessment of Land Degradation in the Wadi Ghabin Basin for the Period (2004–2024) Using Geospatial Techniques
This study aimed to assess land degradation in the Wadi Ghabin Basin using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) techniques, based on satellite imagery from Landsat-5 and Landsat-8 sensors (TM and OLI) for the years 2004 and 2024. Spectral indices were applied to detect changes in land degradation, including the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), Crust Index (CI), Drought Barren Soil Index (DBSI), and Land Degradation Index (LDI). The study employed historical, descriptive-analytical, and quantitative methods to process and analyze freely available satellite data from the US Geological Survey (USGS). The results showed significant changes in land degradation over the period. In 2024, the NDVI indicated the largest area of bare lands classified as severely degraded, covering approximately 450.94 km² (99.54% of the total area), marking an increase of 25.6% compared to 2004. The DBSI showed severe erosion degradation over 380.04 km² (83.89% of the area), which is 61.86% higher than in 2004, mainly due to rising temperatures, reduced rainfall, and diminished vegetation cover. The LDI revealed moderate soil degradation over 323.21 km² (71.35%), an increase of 38.8% from 2004, attributed to intensified wind erosion resulting from low rainfall, reduced vegetation, and higher temperatures.
Geomorphological Characteristics of the Continental Shelf Adjacent to the Jifarah Plain Region in Libya Using Geomatics Techniques
This study aims to highlight the geomorphological characteristics of the continental shelf adjacent to the coast of the Jifarah Plain region in Libya. It seeks to identify its geomorphological features and produce a geomorphological map of the submerged forms covering its seabed, based on bathymetric data (GEBCO_2024). The study concludes that the geomorphological features of the study area were shaped by a combination of factors, foremost among them the tectonic movements that formed the Western Mountain Highlands, along with episodes of marine transgression and regression throughout geological epochs. The continental shelf is characterized by a geomorphological landscape free of major topographic complexities. It extends from the 0-meter depth contour (the coastline) to the 200-meter depth contour, with an average depth of 104 meters, and gently slopes toward the continental slope at an average gradient of 0.2 degrees. The seabed of the continental shelf is covered with a variety of submerged geomorphological features differing in extent and size, such as sand shoals, hills, plateaus, basins, and canyons. Sand shoals, which appear in the form of plains, ripples, and sandy banks, cover approximately 92% of the shelf area. These formations give the seabed of the study area its undulating appearance, which closely resembles the geomorphological nature of the adjacent mainland (Jifarah Plain) in terms of low relief, gentle gradient, and the types of geomorphological features covering both areas.
The Land use changes in the Jfara region during the period 1986-2013 (Al Zahraa area)
The study aimed to identify and analyses the changes of vegetation patterns and their changes in (Al-Zahraa area) during 1986-2013 using remote sensing technology and information systems. To achieve the aim of the study satellite images were used also to analyses the vegetation cover of the area and the changes that occurred. The study found clear changes in the land uses, as land uses diversified into urban uses, agricultural uses, natural plants, forests, and barren lands. The study also showed a clear and rapid expansion of urban uses at the expense of other land uses, as it was about 1694 hectares in 1986 and then became (5471) hectares in 2013. The ​​agricultural lands, was (5482) hectares in 1986 and then decreased in 2013 to become only (3312) hectares, while the area of ​​natural plants in the area decreased by 22%. The study also showed that the forest area in the Zahraa area has decreased significantly, losing 82% of its area. The study recommended the necessity of preserving the vegetation cover in the region by increasing the cultivation and reclamation of lands, expanding the planting of trees to resist desertification, regulating grazing within agricultural lands, and encouraging research and studies concerned with these problems.
Spatial Distribution of Weaknesses Areas and Maintenance Centers of Drinking Water Network in Ibb City Using Technique (GIS)
This study seeks to use the descriptive approach to describing weaknesses areas the head of the pipes break sites of drinking water networks in Ibb during the period between (2020-2023), as well as the use of analytical curriculum and conduct a spatial analysis process for classes used to build the best and most suitable sites for building the maintenance of drinking water networks, one of the most important results of this study amounted to cases broken network pipes processed during the period (2020-2023), 3384, including 1057 break case, 31.2%, the AL-Meshnah directorate came first in the number in cases of broken pipes, it reached 1691 break case, which is 50%, while the AL-Dahar directorate came second 1602 break case, 47.3%, finally the study suggests 5 sites, as the best sites to build maintenance centers for drinking water networks in Ibb city, suggested sites are AL-Moaqbah mountain maintenance center, Fiat maintenance center, street 16 will maintenance center, Kahab maintenance center, and finally AL-Salabah maintenance center.
Waterproofing, Rehabilitation and Maintenance of the network
Forest environments in Morocco and the challenges of risk management
Morocco has a rich and diverse forest cover, which plays an effective role in achieving the country's economic and social development and maintaining the balance of forest ecosystems in general. This natural cover faces a number of challenges and constraints as a result of the combination of several factors, including drought, which is mainly caused by the phenomenon of climate change that the planet is witnessing, in addition to random and irrational human intervention in dealing with the forest. These factors and others have negatively affected the development of the national forest cover, which has begun to decline, which necessitated the search for effective and efficient solutions within the framework of a national forest management strategy 2020-2030 with the aim of preserving the balance of the Moroccan forest and ensuring its sustainability. This article aims to shed light on the status of the forest cover in Morocco and the risks that threaten it, highlighting the efforts made by the state to manage various risks, and evaluating the effectiveness of these efforts in preserving the national forest heritage and protecting it from all factors of deterioration.
The Impact of Topography on the Development of Housing Patterns in the Aljabal Algharbi, The City of Zintan as a Case Study
The evolution of housing patterns and their diversity reflect the development of populations, as well as the civilizational, cultural, social, and economic indicators that reflect the extent to which natural environmental elements are taken into account when designing and building homes. This paper aims to study the most important factors that have influenced the evolution of housing patterns in the city of Zintan, especially the topographic factor, which has been shown to have a clear impact on housing patterns in the region. The topography of the area, the natural environmental resources, and the economic status of the population have all contributed to the evolution of housing patterns in the city of Zintan. Field study has revealed that housing patterns in the study area have evolved over the years from underground dwellings (caves or domes) during the time of the ancestors (the Turkish era and before) to more modern dwellings, including what is commonly referred to as the "Arabian house" in the second half of the last century, and finally to modern homes with a Western European style at present. It has also been shown that the primary factor driving this evolution is the topographic factor, along with a range of other factors including the quality and availability of building materials, improved living standards, and the availability of necessary funds for construction. Based on the results obtained, the study recommended a number of recommendations, one of the most important being the necessity of preserving many of the old housing patterns as they represent a cultural and historical heritage highlighting the personality of the region and its history, which can be the basis for many tourism activities and cultural festivals.
Estimating and scheduling the water needs of the alfalfa crop using Cropwat 8.0 model in the Kaam Agricultural Project – Libya
The study aims to identify the amounts of water needed to irrigate the Alfalfa crop as well as the amounts of evaporation according to the current climate of the kamam agricultural project area and based on the standards of the food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). it also aims to develop an irrigation calendar that project farmers can follow and raise their awareness of the proper routine of irrigation during dry periods based on the Cropwat 8.0 model, which are irrigation methods based on scientific foundations of water-saving irrigation technology, the study used the analytical and descriptive approach, and reached several results, the most important of which is that the Alfalfa crop in the Kaam Valley agricultural project requires irrigation a total of 1850.5 mm and a net irrigation of 1555.5 MM, through 22 irrigations during the season, and that the needs of the hectare The project has a capacity of 18,505 cubic meters per season, and it is important to conduct studies and research using the crop watt model for all crops in the project area so that we can improve the management of Water Resources in the region as well as improve production.
scheduling water requirements for alfalfa
Atmosphere Correction In Satellite Images of Landsat TM of the aljabal al'akhdar region
Remotely sensed data is an effective source of information for monitoring changes in land use and land cover. However remotely sensed images are often degraded due to atmospheric effects. Atmospheric correction minimizes removes the atmospheric influences that are added to the pure signal of target and to extract more accurate information. The atmospheric correction is often considered critical pre-processing step to achieve full spectral information from every pixel especially with hyper spectral and multispectral data. The research aims to provide multispectral atmospheric correction methods that do not require auxiliary data in the spatial domain and the transformation domain, and is proposed atmospheric correction using a linear regression model and test it on a Landsat image consisting of 7 multispectral bands and its performance is evaluated using visual and statistical measures. The application of the atmospheric correction method for vegetation analysis is also presented, which is the subtraction of dark objects. One of the most important results of this research is that the atmosphere has an effect on remotely sensed images, which causes errors in the reflectance values. Therefore, removing this effect from images using some methods, some of which are widely used to reduce fog within the image, requiring only the information in the corrected digital image data (DN) without any external information such as the dark object subtraction method, and some of them require statistical coefficients and corrected models such as the linear regression method, and both methods are sufficient to correct the satellite image from any atmospheric effect.
An assessment of the ecological impact of Tropical Storm Daniel on the vegetation in Wadi An-Naqa, west of Derna city, Libya.
This study aimed to assess the condition of the vegetation cover in the Wadi An-Naqa basin following the devastating impact of Tropical Storm Daniel, which struck eastern Libya in September 2023. Extensive field surveys were conducted to evaluate the damage to the region. Soil erosion was estimated at a staggering 16 million tons per day, accompanied by the loss of approximately 29 km² (31%) of vegetation cover, as determined by Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) analysis. Before the storm, the vegetation cover spanned 91 km², shrinking to 63 km² in its aftermath. Notable plant species such as Myrtus communis, Olea europaea, Juniperus phoenicea, and Nerium oleander were severely affected. Remarkably, some uprooted trees were estimated to be over 500 years old, indicating an unprecedented event in the region's recent history. Additionally, the study revealed the emergence of toxic plant species, including Datura and Ricinus communis, which were previously absent from the area's vegetation.
Analysis of the Impact of Changing Rainfall Zones on Vegetation Cover Variation in Hadhramout Valley, Yemen, Using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS)
Rainfall is a major climatic element that varies over time and space, influencing the vegetation environment. This study aimed to analyse the effect of shifting rainfall zones on the variation in vegetation cover area in Hadhramout Valley. To highlight this impact, the study utilised Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Remote Sensing (RS) technologies by applying the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI). The study identified a change in rainfall amounts in Hadhramout Valley from 1983 to 2022, which influenced shifts and changes in the size of rainfall zones. Specifically, the third (60 – 90 mm) and fourth zones (over 90 mm), which received the highest rainfall, experienced a reduction in area during the second and third study periods, following a high coverage in the first period, indicating a trend toward decreasing rainfall. In the fourth period, the area of these zones increased, although they were still smaller compared to the first, rainier period. This decrease affected the vegetation cover area in Hadhramout Valley. The NDVI indicated that dense and moderate vegetation cover occupied no more than 0.5% of the total valley area. Vegetation cover was highest in 1990 but decreased in the second and third study years (2000 and 2011) due to reduced rainfall, before increasing again in 2022, though still less than in 1990.
Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI)
Manifestations and repercussions of climate change on the oases in Mauritania “The oases of Adrar Province are a model"
The oasis area of Mauritania is of exceptional cultural, economic and social importance. In ancient times, cities and urban centres grew around oases and contributed to the prosperity of many economic and cultural activities between the north and south of the Sahara. The desert climate that characterizes the deserts of Mauritania and the wilaya of "Adrar", in particular has contributed to the growing dependence of the population on their livelihoods and stability by building on these oases. However, as the effects of recent climate change are increasing, Mauritanian space is burdened by profound radical environmental and human transformations, most parts of Mauritanian space have been printed, and its host areas have had a significant share. In this article, we will try to highlight the most visible manifestations and impacts of climate change and associated migration and displacement at the level of the oases in wilaya of Adrar, which are an important example. We adopted to study these changes, analyzing a climate database for a significant reference period, spanning from 1940 to 2019. For the migration and population data, we adopted the results of the general population and housing censuses for the years (1988, 2000, 2013, and 2023) of the National Bureau of Statistics. Addressing the study theme demonstrated the most important manifestations and impacts of climate change on oases wilaya of Adrar; resulting from droughts, increasing desertification conditions and migration of the working-class Poor living conditions and lack of infrastructure and social services for the oasis population; all this has contributed to the deterioration of oases in the state in general.
Modeling the Minimum Temperature Change of Hun Station for the Period 1961-2099 Using SDSM Technology
The research aims to predict the difference and percentage of change in the minimum temperature for the period (2011-2099) based on the daily minimum temperature data observed at the Hun station for the base period (1961-1990 AD) using the Statistical Downscaling Madel (SDSM) technique according to the climate change scenarios (B2a) (A2a), which are scenarios approved by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in a report known as SRES for the year 2000 AD to make climate and environmental forecasts. The data were divided into three projected periods (2011-2040 AD) (2041-2070 AD) (2071-2099 AD). The results of the study showed that there is a variation in the difference and percentage of change in the minimum temperature during the modeling periods (2011-2099 AD) from one month to another, from one period to another, and from one scenario to another with respect to the base period.
Global warming and it’s effect on the frequency of sand storms in the Libyan desert (Sabha station, a case study)
Studies have shown that global warming manifests itself in higher temperatures and longer precipitation as a direct result of seasonal changes in atmospheric pressure and associated winds. The cause of sand storms in the Libyan desert is either due to thermal depressions that generate on top of themselves due to the intense rise in surface temperature in the summer and fall. Or it is the result of rushing winds in the late air depressions crossing the Mediterranean Sea from west to east during the winter and spring seasons. This study is a continuation of a previous study (Maqili 2024, p. 95), which showed a statistically significant decrease in the series of extreme rainfall values ​​in the city of Nalut and a statistically significant increase in the series of extreme minimum temperature values ​​in the city of Ghadames. The data used in this study are the numbers of annual sand storms recorded by the National Meteorological Center in the city of Sabha during the period (1962-2009). The series was divided into two periods for comparison. The first period was from (1962-1985), while the second period was from (1962-1985). 1986-2009). Statistical analysis represented by (t-test) was used for the differences between the averages, and the results showed that sandstorms during the first period were more frequent with a statistical significance of 0.01, which means that global warming is causing a decrease in the number of sandstorms in the Libyan desert, which is acceptable from this angle, except It is considered disastrous for the agricultural and pastoral areas of the north, as it exacerbates the problems of desertification there, due to the lack of rain from the winter depression storms that have taken paths farther north.
The Impact of Climate Change on the Variation of Thermal Extreme Indicators at the Lattakia Monitoring Station
This research aims to determine the general trend of changes in annual and seasonal averages of temperature (maximum, minimum) at Lattakia station during the period (1980-2023), using simple linear regression analysis, and the arithmetic mean test to find out the significant differences in the variance between two time periods. A number of indicators were also applied to daily temperature data during the period (2006-2023) in order to know the number of frosty, icy and summer days as well as tropical nights, since the repetition of such days has an impact on various aspects of life. The data analysis showed that the general trend of maximum and minimum temperatures is increasing and significant, and a decrease in the number of frosty days and an increase in the number of tropical nights by (14%) was also shown. In addition to the increase in the number of days in which the temperature ranged between (30°-35°) C by (73.9%) and the decrease in the number of days in which the temperature ranged between (35°- 40°) C by (31.4%.(
Methodology for Studying the Hydrological Behavior of Water Springs (Case Study: Ain Ikhorba): Measurement, Monitoring, and Analysis
Morocco, like other North African countries, is experiencing the effects of climate change, with its region being one of the most susceptible to drought and extreme hydrological events such as severe floods and droughts. This has led to water resource scarcity, ecosystem degradation, and a shift of populations from rural areas to urban centers. The recurring droughts over recent decades have resulted in the depletion of many water springs, particularly in arid and semi-arid regions. Given its geographical location, Morocco is among the countries most vulnerable to declining water resources. In the Upper Oum Er-Rbia Basin, which is the focus of this study, groundwater is a crucial component of the region's water heritage, serving as a "water reservoir" for Morocco. This study aims to analyze the hydrological behavior of Ain Ikhorba from November 2023 to May 2024. This will be achieved through daily monitoring of the water level in the spring, conducting multiple measurements of water flow, and creating a calibration curve to understand the nature and functioning of this water source.