Abhat Journal
type: channel
description: A peer-reviewed scientific periodical journal concerne with publishing scientific research in the field of humanities and social sciences, contributing to creating opportunities for research competition among researchers and academics and enriching the world of knowledge dissemination. It is issued by the Faculty of Arts, University of Sirte, Libya twice a year, in March and September. It bears legal deposit number 393/2015, and the International Standard Serial Number ISSN 2518 5985.
publisher: Faculty of Arts-Sirte University-Libya
language: en
publication name: Abhat Journal
issn: 2518-5985
items: The Social Essay in Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub’s Writings: A Descriptive Stylistic Study An Analysis of the Article “On Society and Politics”
items: Training Needs for Work and Their Role in Measuring the Return on the Training Program A Case Study on the Training Department at the Misurata Free Zone
items: The Impact of Tribal Fanaticism on Family Upbringing in Libyan Society
items: Traducteurs mineurs, valeurs sous-estimées Le cas d’Amédée Pichot
items: Libyan Students' Perceptions towards Extracurricular Activities in Learning English as a Foreign Language: A Study at the Department of English at Sirte University
items: Attitudes of Libyan Youth towards Political Participation and Its Role in Achieving Sustainable Development: "A Field Study"
items: Freedom of the Libyan Press in the Light of the Libyan Political Crisis from Journalists’ Perspective: Field Study
items: The Social Networking Sites Using and Its Relationship to Academic Achievement of Students from Their Point of View: A Field Study on Students of the Faculty of Arts, University of Sirte
items: The Role of Social Control Mechanisms in Reducing Mass Riots in Football Stadiums
items: https://elc2.su.edu.ly/index.php/abhat/en/article/view/3230
items: Spatial Distribution of Intermediate Technical Education Institutes in Misurata Region in 2022
items: Variation of Vegetation Cover Change in the Western Part of the Jaffara Plain Using the NDVI Greenness Index Form: 1992 through 2024
items: Automated Cartographic Modelling of Environmental Risks in the Wadi Qattara Basin, Libya
items: Morphometric Characteristics and their Hydrological Parameters in Wadi al-Raml Basin
items: Applying the Wind Cooling Hypothesis to Measure Human Comfort in Syria
items: Intellectual Transformations and Their Impact on Christian Doctrine in the Third Century AD
items: The Effect of the Environment on Pre-Islamic Poetry: the Hanging of Imru’ al-Qais as an Example
items: Aesthetic Manifestations of Antithesis in the Context of Poetic Imagery: Selected Models
items: The Syllable in Arabic: Its Structure and Development
items: Arabized Words of Time in Ibn Qutaiba's al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara Book: A Grammatical-Semantic Study of the Words That Are Common Between the Holy Qur'an and (al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara) Book
items: The Hidden Culture in EFL Textbooks: Analysing the Cultural Content of ‘English for Libya’ Textbook for the First Year of Secondary Education in Libya
items: Investigating Difficulties that EFL Students Face in English Pronunciation in Secondary Schools in Ghat-Libya
items: The Res Judicata of Arbitral Awards in Libyan Law: A Comparative Study
items: Legal Protection for People with Special Needs in Arab Legislation and International Conventions: A Comparative Study
items: The Effectiveness of Using the Listening Triangle Strategy on Improving the Critical Listening Skills among the Secondary First Grade Male Students in Libya
items: Productive Habits of Mind among Secondary School Students at the Outstanding Center in Benghazi
items: Organizational Intelligence of the Academic Leaders at the University of Benghazi From the Point of View of Faulty Members
items: The Level of Social Support for Postgraduate Students According to Some Variables
items: The Role of Restorative Justice in Achieving Social Peace: The Libyan Case as Model
items: Determinants of the Libyan Family Size level in the City of Sousse: A Study in Population Geography

The Social Essay in Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub’s Writings: A Descriptive Stylistic Study An Analysis of the Article “On Society and Politics”
type: item
description: During the first half of the twentieth century, Sudan experienced severe political turmoil that significantly impacted various aspects of life. This period witnessed a disruption of social balance, a decline in moral values, deteriorating social conditions, and escalating societal challenges. These circumstances raised deep concerns among intellectuals and writers, prompting them to engage in critical discourse. Among these figures was Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub, who dedicated his intellectual efforts and literary work to addressing the pressing issues of his society and the fate of his nation. He authored a series of essays analyzing Sudan’s socio-political landscape, which were published in Sudanese newspapers and magazines of the time. This study focuses on Mahgoub’s article “On Society and Politics,” published in Al-Fajr magazine in 1934. It represents the third in a series of essays where the author articulated his vision for Sudan’s future, outlining the essential transformations required for the nation to adapt to contemporary challenges and fulfill the aspirations of its people.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Essay
  topic: keywords
subject: society
  topic: keywords
subject: social essay
  topic: keywords
subject: politics
  topic: keywords
subject: Muhammad Ahmad Mahgoub
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Elwaleed Abdul Raouf Omer Elminshawi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 12
ending page: 01
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3240

Training Needs for Work and Their Role in Measuring the Return on the Training Program A Case Study on the Training Department at the Misurata Free Zone
type: item
description: This paper underscores its significance by addressing the important issue of identifying the appropriate training program through which the desired impact can be achieved. It is essential for organizations to consider the quality, importance, and suitability of training programs in relation to the nature of their work in order to bridge the gap between the current situation and the desired objectives or outcomes. The study aimed to identify the type of training program that best meets the training needs of the organization, aligning with the perspectives and nature of work of the trainees, and to derive specific recommendations that the research body should follow to avoid potential obstacles or challenges. A random sample of twenty employees, represented by the heads of departments in the Training Administration at the Misurata Free Zone, was selected. The descriptive analytical method was used to achieve the research objectives related to understanding the role of necessary training needs in measuring the return on investment of the training program. The study’s results revealed a statistically significant relationship between the necessary training needs for work and the measurement of the training program’s return, in addition to the finding that the research body played a role in developing appropriate plans that ensure the proper identification of training needs.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: training
  topic: keywords
subject: training needs
  topic: keywords
subject: return
  topic: keywords
subject: return measurement
  topic: keywords
subject: training program
  topic: keywords
creator: Dr. Mohamed Alhadi Khalil
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 210
ending page: 202
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3239

The Impact of Tribal Fanaticism on Family Upbringing in Libyan Society
type: item
description: Objectives: This study aimed to clarify the negative effects resulting from the practice of tribal fanaticism on the individual and society, which leads to the disintegration of society and prevents its prosperity and progress, spreads feeling of hatred among its members, clarifying the extent of the impact of tribal fanaticism on family upbringing in Libyan society, and shedding light on the important role of family upbringing in reducing the phenomenon of tribal fanaticism. Methodology: This study was conducted by applying the descriptive analytical approach, where the researcher presented the relative information of the study, identified the reasons that led to tribal fanaticism, searched for appropriate solutions, followed the analytical approach and collected data according to the quantitative approach, where the questionnaire used as a study instrument to identify the impact of tribal fanaticism on family upbringing in Libyan society, and the data was collected and processed through statistical analysis to generalize to the study community. Results: The results of the statistical analysis showed that tribal fanaticism clearly affects family upbringing in Libyan society, through the community members practicing tribal fanaticism represented in racial fanaticism and ethnocentrism Conclusion: The study recommended focusing on the important role of the family in raising its children to belong to the homeland, raising them on Islamic morals and promoting the values ​​of tolerance and good citizenship, which contributes to reducing tribal fanaticism, conducting interviews and media programs that clarify the danger of tribal fanaticism on the lives of individuals and society and broadcasting them in various media outlets, enacting legislation and laws that punish those who practice tribal fanaticism, putting these legislations into effect, uniting the ranks of one society members and rejecting tribal fanaticism to confront dangers, challenges and develop society.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Fanaticism
  topic: keywords
subject: Tribe
  topic: keywords
subject: Racial Fanaticism
  topic: keywords
subject: and Ethnocentrism
  topic: keywords
creator: Saud Ali Alshtyi dhu
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 236
ending page: 221
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3238

Traducteurs mineurs, valeurs sous-estimées Le cas d’Amédée Pichot
type: item
description: Étant une médiatrice entre les cultures, la traduction joue un rôle marquant dans le développement et l’évolution des sociétés. La place accordée au traducteur, considéré comme "le vrai révolutionnaire en littérature'', atteste la valeur de son travail de transfert des savoirs, des traditions et des modèles d'une langue à une autre. L’importance de la traduction littéraire, en tant que lien entre les différentes littératures, et plus largement entre les différentes cultures, vient du fait qu'elle fait circuler des idées, des connaissances et des cultures d'une société à une autre. Plusieurs écrivains insistent sur le rôle de la traduction qui n'est pas une transposition mot à mot du texte original au texte étranger. Le garant d'une fidèle traduction est sans doute le traducteur qui fait tous ses efforts pour transmettre le texte. Pour réussir dans sa tâche, il doit avoir connaissance de tout ce qui concerne non seulement le texte original mais aussi la culture de son auteur. La grande infiltration anglaise, que connaît la fin du XVIIe siècle et la première moitié du XIXe siècle, est faite grâce aux efforts non seulement de grands écrivains, mais aussi aux traducteurs mineurs. Cet article est consacré à un traducteur français dont le nom ne revient même pas à l’esprit. C’est Amédée Pichot. Il est l’un des hommes de lettres français qui se sont ouverts à la littérature britannique, mais qui reste peu connu de la majorité des Français. Ses efforts dans le domaine de la traduction sont les points principaux qui seront abordés dans la suite pour montrer comment il a enrichi la littérature française en révélant à ses contemporains de nouveaux aspects de la littérature anglaise. Les points qui seront examinés dans les pages suivantes sont: - La carrière littéraire d’Amédée Pichot. - Pichot traducteur. - Son rôle dans l’intégration de certains noms anglais en France. - L’importance de ses traductions.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Traduction
  topic: keywords
subject: traducteurs amateurs
  topic: keywords
subject: Shakespeare
  topic: keywords
subject: Dickens
  topic: keywords
subject: Écosse
  topic: keywords
creator: Maram Kafala
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 247
ending page: 237
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3236

Libyan Students' Perceptions towards Extracurricular Activities in Learning English as a Foreign Language: A Study at the Department of English at Sirte University
type: item
description: The aim of this study was to find out the perceptions of Libyan students on extracurricular activities (ECAs) in learning English as a foreign language in the English Department at Sirte University. An adapted questionnaire (close and open-ended questions) was used to collect the data for the study. An online survey questionnaire was conducted with 60 respondents who were selected anonymously. The data of the close-ended questions was analyzed by Google Form whereas the data from open-ended questions was analyzed thematically. The findings revealed that the majority of participants tend to have positive perception towards ECAs in terms of their academic performance, in helping them achieve better grades. ECAs also developed students’ skills, and motivated them, as well as helping them become more organized. On the other hand, some participants claimed that ECAs constitute extra burden and distraction from their main academic assignments. The study concludes with some pedagogical recommendations and suggestions for further research.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Perception, Extracurricular activities
  topic: keywords
subject: Sirte University
  topic: keywords
subject: foreign language
  topic: keywords
subject: Curriculum
  topic: keywords
creator: Nouriya Elsaadi
creator: Yousuf Ahfaf
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 220
ending page: 211
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3235

Attitudes of Libyan Youth towards Political Participation and Its Role in Achieving Sustainable Development: "A Field Study"
type: item
description: The current study aimed to identify the attitudes of Libyan youth towards political participation, and their role in contributing to the achievement of sustainable development in Libya. Candidacy for the presidential, legislative, and local elections, as well as membership in political parties and civil society organizations, as well as their ability to influence decisions issued by the government and females, consisting of (311) single items from different regions of Libya. The study reached a set of results, the most important of which are:1- The majority of Libyan youth agree that their discussion of local and international political issues plays an important role in the success of achieving sustainable development.2- That most of the Libyan youth will participate in the local, legislative, and presidential elections, as a means for the rise of people with developmental thinking to the government, and making public policies required for sustainable development programs in Libya. 3- Young people's attitudes were positive towards membership in political parties and civil society organizations, due to their role in educating society about the importance of sustainable development.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Trends
  topic: keywords
subject: political participation
  topic: keywords
subject: Libyan youth
  topic: keywords
subject: sustainable development
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulaziz Abdulhafith
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 201
ending page: 189
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3234

Freedom of the Libyan Press in the Light of the Libyan Political Crisis from Journalists’ Perspective: Field Study
type: item
description: The study dealt with the freedom of the Libyan press in light of the current political crisis as a field study on Libyan newspapers, namely Burniq newspaper - Fasania newspaper - Al-Sabah newspaper and the study community that the newspaper Burniq government and newspaper Fasania private newspaper The newspaper Al-Sabah is also governmental when the study aimed to identify the extent of press freedom in Libya for the communicator, and the extent to which this freedom reflects on the professional practice of Libyan journalists, as well as to identify the obstacles, pressures and restrictions facing journalists and limit the application of Freedom of the press, in addition to identifying the views of Libyan journalists on the state of press freedom in Libya and their attitudes towards media legislation. As for the field aspect, this study falls within the descriptive research, and the researcher targeted all those in charge of communication in the newspapers of the field study, and the comprehensive survey method was followed and this was done through the distribution of a questionnaire form to them, and the sample was selected from journalists working in Libyan newspapers (Burniq - Fasania - Al-Sabah) and the number of the sample reached 40 respondents and the field study was applied during the time period between 02-12-2022 AD and 24-1
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Libyan newspaper
  topic: keywords
subject: Freedom Press
  topic: keywords
subject: Journalism
  topic: keywords
subject: libyan crisis
  topic: keywords
creator: Arqayah Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 188
ending page: 176
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3233

The Social Networking Sites Using and Its Relationship to Academic Achievement of Students from Their Point of View: A Field Study on Students of the Faculty of Arts, University of Sirte
type: item
description: The study aimed to know the extent of the use of social media by students of the Faculty of Arts, Sirte University, and how to benefit from them in academic achievement. It also aimed to know the most important social media used by students of the Faculty of Arts and their impact on academic achievement. The study used the descriptive approach using the social survey method with a sample of (147) that was drawn using a simple random sample method. The study tool was the questionnaire. The study reached some results, the most prominent of which is the negative impact of social media sites and the loss of time allocated for study due to the frequent use of social media sites. The vast majority of the study sample confirmed that the positive impact of social media sites is helping to complete scientific research and increase their knowledge base, and increase thinking, dialogue and discussion skills. The most important sites used by students of the Faculty of Arts were Facebook, YouTube and Telegram.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: social media
  topic: keywords
subject: sirte university
  topic: keywords
subject: faculty of arts
  topic: keywords
subject: academic achievement
  topic: keywords
creator: Souad Abdel-Rahman
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 175
ending page: 163
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3232

The Role of Social Control Mechanisms in Reducing Mass Riots in Football Stadiums
type: item
description: The study aimed to analyze the role of both formal and informal social control mechanisms in reducing crowd riots in football stadiums. It focused on a sample of 79 players from Arab clubs participating in the Arab Mini-Football Championship in Libya. Using a social survey method with a questionnaire, the study found that adherence to Islamic teachings, including promoting good and preventing harm, helps foster positive behaviors and reduce riots. It also highlighted the importance of traditions in instilling social values and improving conduct. The media's role in reducing tension was emphasized, particularly by avoiding provocative content and promoting tolerance. Additionally, the study stressed the need for well-equipped security personnel and effective security plans to maintain order. The study recommended increasing religious and social awareness among fans, launching media programs promoting respect, and training security personnel while enhancing cooperation among institutions to ensure a safe, stable sports environment.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Social control
  topic: keywords
subject: riots
  topic: keywords
subject: football
  topic: keywords
subject: customs and traditions
  topic: keywords
subject: laws and legislation
  topic: keywords
creator: Hamza Elzunni
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 162
ending page: 149
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3231

https://elc2.su.edu.ly/index.php/abhat/en/article/view/3230
type: item
title: Geographical Analysis of the Level of Environmental Awareness among Geography Students in Urban and Rural Areas: An Applied Study on Students of the Geography Department at the Faculties of Education, Nasser and Al-Zawiya University
description: The study aimed to know the level of environmental awareness among students of the Faculties of Education at the University of Zawiya and its relationship to the variables of residence, gender and college. To achieve the objectives of the study, a questionnaire was prepared, the validity and reliability of which were verified using scientific methods. The study community consisted of all students of the Department of Geography at the Faculties of Education, Zawiya and Nasser Education at the University of Zawiya, in the first semester of the academic year (2024/2025), numbering (44) male and female students. The study sample amounted to (44) male and female students, and was selected using the comprehensive survey method. The results of the study indicated that the level of environmental awareness among students was average, with a percentage of less than 70%. The results also showed that there were statistically significant differences at a significance level (α=0.05) in the level of environmental awareness attributed to the gender variable, in favor of males. There were also statistically significant differences at a significance level (α=0.05) in the level of environmental awareness attributed to the college variable, in favor of the College of Soil, Al-Zawiya. In light of the results, recommendations were made, the most important of which were activating field studies for all educational programs in geography departments, working on student participation in seminars and workshops in colleges, and producing environmental educational videos.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Geographical analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: environmental awareness
  topic: keywords
subject: urban and rural
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Al-Akrami
creator: Rawid Al-Shaibani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 148
ending page: 137
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3230

Spatial Distribution of Intermediate Technical Education Institutes in Misurata Region in 2022
type: item
description: The study aims to analyze the spatial locations of technical and intermediate education institutes, and determine their distribution pattern in the Misurata region, and their importance in raising the educational level of the community, especially after the urban expansion that the city has witnessed in recent years and the extension of its outskirts towards the surrounding areas, and the increase in population. Intermediate education institutes represent optional education compared to secondary education, as post-preparatory education is acquired from the age of (16 to 20) years. The study also aims to employ geographic information systems in documenting the locations of institutes, distributing them and analyzing them to produce digital maps that can be updated, based on field surveys and simple random selection to analyze the sample representing the study community, in addition to using the global positioning device (GPS). The study revealed that the analysis of the spatial distribution pattern is a random, convergent, irregular pattern, and its unfairness in distribution and spread throughout the study area, i.e. there is a concentration in the numerical distribution of institutes and they vary in some of them in the study area. Recommendations were made for those concerned to take them into account, and work to address the future situation of the spread of institutes, and try to find a balance between the branches of the region, and take into account the population increase when opening new institutes.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Spatial distribution
  topic: keywords
subject: Institutes
  topic: keywords
subject: Intermediate technical education
  topic: keywords
subject: Distribution pattern
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Almangoush
creator: Aisha Al-Soussi
creator: Hajar Al-Mujbari
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 136
ending page: 115
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3229

Variation of Vegetation Cover Change in the Western Part of the Jaffara Plain Using the NDVI Greenness Index Form: 1992 through 2024
type: item
description: This study sought to detect and analyze the variation in vegetation cover change in the northwestern part of the Al-Jafara Plain during the period from 1992 AD to 2024 AD by employing remote sensing techniques and geographic information systems for the years 1992 - 2002 - 2013 - 2024 AD, respectively, to calculate the NDVI. It aims to the study is to clarify the change in the area of vegetation cover and to know the reasons leading to the increase in the encroachment of some types of use over others in the western Al-Jafara Plain for the period from 1992 to 2024 AD, to achieve the research objectives, we relied on the descriptive analytical method of satellite visuals to track these changes, analyze them spatially, and produce digital maps. The results of the study showed a clear deterioration in the state of vegetation cover due to economic activity and urban expansion at the expense of agricultural land, which clearly appears in areas close to the coastal strip, as well as misuse of agricultural land and lack of restriction and adherence to environmental laws and legislation, as well as a significant expansion in the area of marshes, especially with the beginning of the third decade of the second millennium.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: NDVI
  topic: keywords
subject: Vegetation cover change
  topic: keywords
subject: Satellite visuals
  topic: keywords
subject: Remote sensing
  topic: keywords
subject: Digital maps
  topic: keywords
creator: Zahra Saaid
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 114
ending page: 104
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3228

Automated Cartographic Modelling of Environmental Risks in the Wadi Qattara Basin, Libya
type: item
description: The availability of modern spatial technologies has contributed to the possibility of conducting an environmental study of the Wadi al-Qattara Basin, by exploring and analyzing the various environmental risks that threaten the residents of the Wadi al-Qattara region, with a focus on the causes and repercussions resulting from human activities, and evaluating the environmental risks they may cause. Therefore, this research aimed to address the natural and human factors of the Wadi Qattara Basin area, which is to evaluate the spatial environmental suitability to determine the degree of risks, and determine the type of environmental risks that threaten it, by relying on the Arc Gis program (Arc Map 10.8), this study used high-resolution satellite images, satellite images of the digital elevation model of the region, as well as digital data in the OSM database, through the application of geographic information systems techniques, the creation of a geographic database for natural and human environmental risks, and automated cartographic modeling of those environmental risks, this study concluded that there are three types of risks: high-risk lands, medium-risk lands, and low-risk lands.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: cartographic modeling
  topic: keywords
subject: natural and human environmental risks
  topic: keywords
subject: geographic information systems
  topic: keywords
subject: Wadi Al Qattara
  topic: keywords
creator: Fatima Gazi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 103
ending page: 93
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3227

Morphometric Characteristics and their Hydrological Parameters in Wadi al-Raml Basin
type: item
description: Abstract: The study aims to reveal the morphometric characteristics of Wadi Al-Raml Basin, represented by the area, shape, topography and drainage network characteristics, and to analyze the spatial relationships between the characteristics and deduce the most important morphometric variables of the basin, with the production of hydrological maps of the basin that help understand the characteristics of the valley. This is done by relying on the digital elevation model (DEM). The study followed the analytical, quantitative and descriptive approach in order to analyze and extract morphometric data from the digital elevation model. The study came out with a set of results, the most prominent of which is that the area of Wadi Al-Raml Basin is 242 km2, which is a small area compared to the area of other valleys, and that the valley passes through three terrain areas, which are the mountainous area, the plain area and the sloping area between the Tarhuna Mountains and the coastal plain. The maximum length of the valley reached 41 km, and the shape of the valley tends to be elongated, as the elongation of the valley basin indicates that the basin is passing through the beginning of the erosion cycle, where regressive erosion processes prevail along the course. The ruggedness ratio in the Wadi Al Raml basin reached (12.4), which is a high ratio indicating that the valley is in the early stages of the erosion cycle. As for the discharge density in the valley, it reached (1.8), which is a low density due to the small area of the upper sources of the basins in relation to the total area.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Wadi Sarya
  topic: keywords
subject: Sharsha waterfall
  topic: keywords
subject: Alsi Benour
  topic: keywords
subject: Garabulli
  topic: keywords
subject: DEM
  topic: keywords
creator: Mohamed Alkef
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 92
ending page: 82
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3226

Applying the Wind Cooling Hypothesis to Measure Human Comfort in Syria
type: item
description: The research aims to characterize the months and seasons of the year in the studied locations as either hot, warm, refreshingly gentle, transitioning to cold, tending to cold, or cold. It also seeks to display the spatial distribution of human comfort during the seasons and identify the general trend of these values during the study period. Furthermore, it aims to determine the relationship between the wind cooling hypothesis and its mathematical elements (temperature and wind speed) to identify the primary factor influencing these values. The research employed the inductive, descriptive, quantitative, and mathematical methods. Additionally, it utilized the explanatory and reasoning methods, and various tables, figures, and maps were created using computer programs such as SPSS, Excel, and Arc Map. According to the wind cooling hypothesis, the summer season is generally considered pleasant in most parts of Syria, while spring and fall are cold seasons, and winter is notably cold. However, the Syrian desert and the Jazira experience the warmest temperatures throughout the year, and the Syrian coast is relatively warmer in winter. The values of this index tend to decrease over the study period, indicating an increase in pleasant or warm weather. The index values show an inverse relationship with temperature and a direct relationship with wind speed. The findings of this research are crucial for planning social, tourism, economic, or military activities, as considering them prior to an event could reduce the costs of weather adaptation during the event.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: wind cooling theory
  topic: keywords
subject: Syria
  topic: keywords
subject: climate
  topic: keywords
subject: human comfort
  topic: keywords
creator: Rouaa Nashid
creator: Mohammed Hammadi
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 81
ending page: 68
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3222

Intellectual Transformations and Their Impact on Christian Doctrine in the Third Century AD
type: item
description: This study addresses the role of the School of Theology, established in the third century AD, in shaping Christian theological thought. The school emerged in a culturally rich environment characterized by the influences of Greek philosophy, particularly Aristotelian logic, which helped to develop a rational approach to the study of religious texts. One of the most notable features of the school was its focus on the literal interpretation of texts and rejection of symbolic interpretations, leading to the formation of a theological identity marked by clarity and precision. Prominent figures emerged, such as Bishop Theophilus of Antioch, who was a defender of the Christian faith against heresies, and Paul of Samosata, whose views on the nature of Christ sparked widespread controversy. Paul denied the Trinity, which resulted in significant internal conflicts that affected the unity of the Church. The study aims to analyze the fundamental principles upon which the Antiochene School was founded and how it contributed to the formation of Christian doctrine. It also focuses on the theological disputes that arose from intellectual differences, leading to the convening of church councils in an effort to achieve doctrinal unity. Through a historical-analytical methodology, the study offers a comprehensive view of how philosophical thought interacted with religion and how the school contributed to the formation of new opinions regarding Christian doctrine. Additionally, it examines the impact of these disputes on the unity of the Church and its social and political relations, illustrating how intellectual differences can lead to profound divisions that affect the stability of the Church.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Theological school
  topic: keywords
subject: Aristotelian logic
  topic: keywords
subject: Trinity
  topic: keywords
subject: Arianism
  topic: keywords
subject: Nicaea Council
  topic: keywords
subject: Apollinarianism
  topic: keywords
creator: Masyuona Mohamed
creator: Khamees Irhuma
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 67
ending page: 57
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3221

The Effect of the Environment on Pre-Islamic Poetry: the Hanging of Imru’ al-Qais as an Example
type: item
description: This research paper deals with the influence of the geographical and social environment in Imru’ al-Qais’s commentary, in terms of themes, poetic images, and methods used. The research paper sheds light on the environmental elements that surrounded the poet, such as the desert, climate, and Bedouin life, and their role in shaping his poetic experience, as The commentary reflects the harsh nature of the desert in which Imru’ al-Qais lived, where images of drought, mirages, winds, rain, and the presence of geographical places are repeated. Such as "Dara Jaljal", "Triangle" and others, which show the poet's influence on the place. He also depicted desert animals such as antelope and horses, which reflects his close relationship with nature. The pre-Islamic society was based on tribalism, hunting, and conquest, which appears in the poet’s pride in himself and his horse. And social customs and traditions that were reflected in the description of women, emotional adventures, and nostalgia for the past
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: influence of social environment
  topic: keywords
subject: Imru’ al-Qais
  topic: keywords
subject: pre-Islamic poetry
  topic: keywords
creator: Ibrahim Ihryr
creator: Muhammad Saleh
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 56
ending page: 45
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3220

Aesthetic Manifestations of Antithesis in the Context of Poetic Imagery: Selected Models
type: item
description: There is no doubt that nothing is more capable of understanding the essence of the experience, and shaping the poet's position on reality according to his aesthetic perception than the poetic image represented in simile, metaphor and metonymy. One of the manifestations of the artistic formation of the poetic image was its blending with many rhetorical styles, including antithesis - one of the rhetorical styles - as it was manifested in the image with abundances of magnificence and beauty, which made it more possible in the soul, and more eloquent in depiction, as it was formulated with brilliance that dazzled the contemplator, and revealed general truths of the soul, which achieved integration between the d an undeniable artistic value in presenting meanings, and its effect appears most when it is an element in drawing it, and shading it with more wonderful artistic shades; The poems came as paintings rich in the colors of rhetorical beauty; announcing to the recipient that the image increases in strength upon strength and beauty upon beauty if it is formulated in another rhetorical system, and that it is necessary to invest in this wonderful artistic color, and to show the possibility of matching it as required by the situation.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Manifestations
  topic: keywords
subject: Antithesis
  topic: keywords
subject: Context
  topic: keywords
subject: Image
  topic: keywords
subject: Poetics
  topic: keywords
creator: Khalid Abou-Elnaga
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 44
ending page: 33
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3219

The Syllable in Arabic: Its Structure and Development
type: item
description: The research deals with a syllable in Arabic, the syllable in Arabic is characterized by its continuous development. Al-Farabi had a clear influence in naming some types of syllables, including the short syllable, the long syllable, and the closed syllable. He also played a role in launching some terms in this field, such as the term vowels, the voiced, and the unvoiced consonant. He also confirmed the equality of the time of pronouncing letters and vowels unless the vowels are extended. Since this stage, the syllable was not characterized by stability, but rather we find new terms and new forms for it, such as the closed, extended, silent syllable, the open, extended syllable, the closed, extended syllable, and the semi-movement syllable. The Arabic syllable is characterized by flexibility, as it accepts change at its beginning without regard to the type of sound with which it begins, and it accepts change at its end, whether by deletion, merging into another, division or splitting. The open, intermediate syllable accepts extension and contraction according to the conditions imposed by the phonetic rules, and the closed, extended, silent syllable only comes as a stop.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Syllable
  topic: keywords
subject: Definitions
  topic: keywords
subject: Structure
  topic: keywords
subject: Development
  topic: keywords
subject: Flexibility
  topic: keywords
creator: Attaher Almadani
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 32
ending page: 24
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3218

Arabized Words of Time in Ibn Qutaiba's al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara Book: A Grammatical-Semantic Study of the Words That Are Common Between the Holy Qur'an and (al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara) Book
type: item
description: The study deals with the parsed and famous time words found in the Qur’an and the source of the study is poetry and poets. It is required that the word be present in the Qur’an, poetry and poets; it did not pay attention to the details of time; due to the abundance of words in the vast space of the study. The researcher will extract the word and parse it in its three grammatical cases (nominative, accusative and genitive), if found, or what is available from them. The study aimed to identify the Arabized words of time that are common between the Holy Qur'an and (al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara), and substantiate them with evidence and to clarify the semantic fields (approximate) of the Arabized words of time. The researcher adopted the descriptive, analytical, and statistical approach in his study, highlighting practical examples and analyzing their grammatical structure. The study conclude that the Arabized words of time are deeply intertwined with the life of Arabs and the most frequently occurring terms in Kitab al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara were al-yawm (day), al-layl (night), and al-dahr (eternity).
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Holy Quran
  topic: keywords
subject: time words
  topic: keywords
subject: semantic fields
  topic: keywords
subject: Kitab al-Shi'r wa al-Shu'ara
  topic: keywords
creator: Ahmad Bisharat
rights: Copyright (c) 2025 جامعة سرت
date: 2025-03-11
publication date: 2025-03-11
starting page: 23
ending page: 13
doi: 10.37375/aj.v17i1.3217

The Hidden Culture in EFL Textbooks: Analysing the Cultural Content of ‘English for Libya’ Textbook for the First Year of Secondary Education in Libya
type: item
description: The analysis of EFL textbooks’ cultural content has received considerable attention nowadays, as these textbooks can reflect various elements of culture. The current study thus aims to analyse the cultural aspects presented in the ‘English for Libya’ Secondary One textbook and whether it reflects the Arabic Islamic culture, British culture, or international cultures. A checklist consisting of 15 items was utilised to examine the textbook’s cultural aspects relating to the Big C and Small c culture themes. The content analysis revealed that the textbook’s overall cultural presentation was largely imbalanced, with the dominance of the Arabic Islamic culture and the high occurrence of surface cultural aspects: names, leisure time, and geography. Based on these findings, pedagogical implications and suggestions are made for improving the textbook’s cultural presentation to better meet the needs of Libyan students and teachers. Further studies are also recommended
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: content analysis
  topic: keywords
subject: cultural aspects,
  topic: keywords
subject: EFL
  topic: keywords
subject: textbooks
  topic: keywords
creator: Abdulhamid Onaiba
creator: Samah Abugharsa
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 196
ending page: 183
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2933

Investigating Difficulties that EFL Students Face in English Pronunciation in Secondary Schools in Ghat-Libya
type: item
description: The current study was designed to investigate the pronunciation issues encountered by foreign language learners in Ghat, south-west Libya. The findings have important implications for understanding students' English pronunciation problems. This study employs qualitative research methods to acquire an extensive understanding of a topic. This study used two data collection tools: observation and a pronunciation test. During the observation, the initial ideas and perceptions were documented, and the verbal data was collected for further analysis. The data were gathered from three secondary schools in Ghat that teach English as a foreign language in approximately four lessons per week. The test consisted of ten sentences and was administered to five secondary school students. According to the study, the most common pronunciation challenges among EFL students are a) vowel sound confusion, b) consonant sound confusion, and c) inflectional morpheme errors. Students commonly use the sound /ɪ/ for front vowels and the sound /ɒ/ for back-rounded vowels and fail to pronounce central vowels due to problems in predicting pronunciation. Additionally, the survey found that the most prevalent consonant issues are p, f, v, ð, θ, z, ʃ, and ʧ. Finally, students frequently pronounce /s/ at the end of regular plural nouns; insert /ɪ/ before /s/ or /z/ in plural nouns, and before /d/ in past verbs, regardless of the preceding phonemes. Consequently, the researchers concluded that EFL students in Ghat secondary schools frequently pronounce the alphabet letter as written, failing to predict its pronunciation when the letter has numerous pronunciations.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: English pronunciation
  topic: keywords
subject: EFL learners
  topic: keywords
subject: vowel sounds
  topic: keywords
subject: consonant sounds
  topic: keywords
subject: inflectional morphemes.
  topic: keywords
creator: Sumaya Aoghala
creator: Zaziya Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 182
ending page: 169
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2932

The Res Judicata of Arbitral Awards in Libyan Law: A Comparative Study
type: item
description: The research deals with studying the issue of the res judicata of arbitral awards in Libyan Law, with the aim of defining the meaning of the res judicata of arbitral awards and the extent to which arbitration awards enjoy it, and knowing the conditions for adhering to the validity of the final award. It also distinguishes between the res judicata of arbitral awards and similar concepts, in addition to knowing the scope of the res judicata of arbitral awards in terms of subject matter and persons, and enriching the Arab legal library in this field. The research problem focus on the extent to which arbitral awards are res judicata in Libyan law? Answering that, we used the analytical and comparative approaches. To reach satisfactory conclusion, this paper is divided into two sections, The first deals with the definition of the res judicata of arbitral awards, and the second discusses its scope and its relation with public order.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Arbitration
  topic: keywords
subject: arbitral awards
  topic: keywords
subject: court decisions
  topic: keywords
subject: res judicata
  topic: keywords
subject: arbitration proceedings
  topic: keywords
subject: public policy
  topic: keywords
creator: Masood Hossain Masood
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 168
ending page: 149
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2931

Legal Protection for People with Special Needs in Arab Legislation and International Conventions: A Comparative Study
type: item
description: It is known that no society is devoid of a category of people with special needs, and the reasons for its existence are many, as a result of the noticeable increase left by armed wars and bloody conflicts those Arab countries, including Libya, have witnessed and are witnessing, which have had effects represented in the presence of amputees and permanent disabilities that have affected both bodies and souls. In light of the narrow, inferior views of this category, this research aims to provide insight into the rights and legal protection provided for it under Arab legislation, international charters and declarations, and to define the nature of this category while stating the effective role of society in supporting and protecting it, in a methodological plan that clarified the importance of the research to highlight the rights of people with disabilities, aiming to provide insight into the legal protection provided for it, in accordance with the provisions of Libyan Law No. 5 of 1987 regarding the disabled, and the corresponding protection in Arab legislation in each of “Egypt, Iraq, Algeria and Jordan”, and what international charters and declarations included in terms of protection for this category, in a comparative study that clarifies the shortcomings in some legislation, as the research conclusion included A set of brief results and recommendations, which we believe must be highlighted due to their importance and the sensitivity of their necessity for implementation on the ground in light of this group not obtaining their full rights.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Legal protection
  topic: keywords
subject: people with special needs
  topic: keywords
subject: international conventions
  topic: keywords
subject: rights
  topic: keywords
subject: people with disabilities
  topic: keywords
creator: Mukhtar Al-Shibani
creator: Mohammed Al-Taib
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 148
ending page: 139
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2930

The Effectiveness of Using the Listening Triangle Strategy on Improving the Critical Listening Skills among the Secondary First Grade Male Students in Libya
type: item
description: This study aimed at investigating the effectiveness of using the Listening Triangle strategy on improving Critical Listening skills among the secondary first grade male students in Libya. The study used a semi- experimental design. Therefore, a sample from the first-grade male students consisting of (64) was chosen randomly from Wad dan boys' secondary school, and distributed into two equally groups; one is experimental was taught using the listening triangle strategy, and the controlled group which was taught using a traditional strategy. The researcher prepared the critical listening test of (30) items which was applied pre and post the experiment. For data analysis, Arithmetical means, Standard deviations, and ANCOVA were used. The study findings reveled that there were statically significant differences (α = 0.05) in the critical listening skills between the two groups in favor of the experimental group.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: The Listening Triangle Strategy
  topic: keywords
subject: The Critical Listening Skills
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary first grade male students.
  topic: keywords
creator: Omar Habib
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 138
ending page: 123
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2929

Productive Habits of Mind among Secondary School Students at the Outstanding Center in Benghazi
type: item
description: The current study aimed to identify the level of productive habits of mind among secondary school students at the Outstanding Center in the city of Benghazi, and to know the differences in the productive habits of the mind according to the variable of gender (males/females), and the variable of the school year (first/second/third) of secondary school. The study procedures and results were determined on the center’s secondary school students, whose number reached (187) (111) males and (76) females. To collect data, the productive habits of mind scale prepared by (Samah Hajam 2020) was used to analyze the data statistically, I used the Social Sciences Package (SPSS), where I used arithmetic means, standard deviations, a t-test for one sample, a t-test for two independent samples, and one-way analysis of variance the results of the study revealed a low level of productive habits of mind among students at the center. The results also showed that there were differences in productive habits of mind due to the variable of gender in favor of males. The results also showed that there were no differences in productive habits of mind due to the variable of school year.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: productive habits
  topic: keywords
subject: mind
  topic: keywords
subject: secondary school
  topic: keywords
subject: Benghazi
  topic: keywords
creator: Abtesam Alkhfify
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 122
ending page: 110
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2928

Organizational Intelligence of the Academic Leaders at the University of Benghazi From the Point of View of Faulty Members
type: item
description: the aim of the current research is to find out the level of or generational intelligence of the academic leaders at the university of Benghazi from the point of view of the faculty members the research community consisted of (2575) faculty members, while the sample consisted of (335) faculty members, the research used the questionnaire as a data collection tool, it was applied to (318) items for the purpose of statistical analysis the research used the (spss) statistical bag ,and the research concluded that the level of organizational intelligence among a academic leaders at the university of Benghazi from the point of view of faculty members was (1.70), which is an average level, there are also statistically significant differences between males and females for the dimensions (strategic vision, common destiny ) in favor of females, while there are no statistically significant differences for the dimensions (strategic vision ,desire to give , work pressures ) between applied and humanities faculties, in favor of applied colleges , while there are no differences attributed to the nature of the college variable for the rest of the dimensions , and there are no statistically significant differences between the sample member. Responses to the level of application of organizational intelligence among academic leaders at the university of Benghazi due to the years of experience variable and that there are obstacles that prevent the application of the organizational intelligence university of Benghazi, the most important of which are stereotyped and poor use of communication and information technology means.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Organizational intelligence of the academic leaders
  topic: keywords
subject: faculty members
  topic: keywords
subject: University of Benghazi
  topic: keywords
creator: Salwa El-Warfali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 109
ending page: 94
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2927

The Level of Social Support for Postgraduate Students According to Some Variables
type: item
description: The study sought to know the level of social support among a sample of graduate students and to identify the significance of the differences in the level of social support among graduate students according to the variables of gender, academic specialization, and age. The sample included (60) male and female graduate students in all academic specializations at the College of Arts at the University of Omar Al-Mukhtar, and the social support scale was used, prepared by Asma Al-Oraibi and Amani Abdel-Maqsoud (2001). The results showed a high level of social support among postgraduate students. The results also revealed that there were no statistically significant differences in the level of social support among postgraduate students due to the variable Gender, academic specialization, and age.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
creator: Hosnya Adam
creator: Salha Abdul Karim
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 93
ending page: 81
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2926

The Role of Restorative Justice in Achieving Social Peace: The Libyan Case as Model
type: item
description: All countries of the world seek to achieve stability within their societies, which requires diligent efforts to achieve peace and peaceful coexistence among their citizens. The law is an effective regulatory means in resolving disputes and conflicts between individuals and groups. Therefore, legal development must be based on diagnosing social reality and analyzing its data in order to ensure the achievement of social and legal security in parallel. In view of the state of fragmentation and instability that our Libyan society is going through today due to the spread of the culture of violence and fanaticism and the spread of chaos in all its institutions, which has made the application of traditional justice insufficient for its desired purpose. In this paper, we have tried to shed light on the concept of restorative justice, its justifications and mechanisms for applying it in our Libyan society, and to adopt the principle of reconciliation in accordance with cultural specificity and social structure in order to resolve the existing conflicts and problems radically in line with the principle of restorative and consensual settlement based on reparation of harm and compensation for victims so that the spirit of affection and tolerance prevails. Security and stability prevail. The importance of this paper lies in defining the concept of social peace, and the role of restorative justice in achieving it, in addition to the obstacles and challenges that prevent the achievement of national reconciliation. Therefore, the descriptive analytical method was used by stating and clarifying those concepts, principles, obstacles and challenges that prevent the achievement of the desired forest. A number of results have been reached that show that applying restorative justice is required at this stage and an urgent necessity in supporting and consolidating social peace.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Restorative Justice
  topic: keywords
subject: Social Peace
  topic: keywords
subject: National Reconciliation
  topic: keywords
subject: Transitional
  topic: keywords
creator: Najia Al-Hanshiri
creator: Al-Hadar Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 80
ending page: 69
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2925

Determinants of the Libyan Family Size level in the City of Sousse: A Study in Population Geography
type: item
description: This study aims to analyze the reality of trends in the determinants of Libyan family size. The city of Sousse was taken as a model that expresses the factors that contributed to determining the level of Libyan family size. In collecting data for the subject of the study, population censuses from 1973 to 2006 were taken, with a sample of 50 people being taken. A member of the study population was distributed to a questionnaire containing 23 questions to fill in the missing data that could not be obtained from the theoretical framework. In its methodology, the study relied on a combination of more than one method, including the historical method that was relied upon to track the changes that occurred in family size in the study area, and the analytical method that was relied upon in analyzing the data, which was collected from the theoretical framework and the field study by using statistical techniques used in Analyzing social and demographic data and drawing conclusions from them.The results of the study showed that there is a group of determinants that led to a decrease in family size in the study area, the most important of which are the social determinants, including the woman’s first marital age and the high educational level of women. Then comes the second economic determinants, including the level of family income and female involvement in the workforce, then in last place are the demographic determinants, which had no effect in regulating family size, such as the fertility rate, the natural and unnatural increase in the population, and the change in place of residence and marital status of the population.
subject: Articles
  topic: section
subject: Libyan family Size
  topic: keywords
subject: Demographic factor
  topic: keywords
subject: Determinants
  topic: keywords
subject: Sousse cit
  topic: keywords
creator: Mussa R. Saad
creator: Amrage M. Ali
rights: Copyright (c) 2024 جامعة سرت
date: 2024-09-02
publication date: 2024-09-02
starting page: 68
ending page: 49
doi: 10.37375/aj.v16i2.2924